BIOTECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN UKRAINE FOR SOLVING ENERGY, MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL-ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN 2009-2015 TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT WITH THE EU

This article summarizes the main results of the biotechnological research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine aimed at solving energy, medical-biological and medical-ecological problems during the period from 2009 to 2015. The prospective bioresources and directions of implementation of the latest technologies of bioenergy conversion for the production of liquid biofuels and expansion of their use for biodiesel were determined. The latest medical and biological and bioengineering technologies for human health and the national economy, biologically active substances for human health, ecological and economic mechanisms of rational use, protection and monitoring of natural resources, new technologies for the efficient use of energy resources were presented in the article. The authors systematized the results of the current research of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine aimed at the development of modern methods for the prevention and diagnosis of diseases in humans and animals, modern methods of cell biotechnology and metabolic engineering for the creation of superproducts of biologically active substances, new forms of plants and microorganisms, the genetic design of improved microorganisms and lines of plant and animal cells for the development of medical and agricultural biotechnology. The authors proved that these directions of research fully correspond to the world-wide trends in research in biomedicine.

Taking into account soil and climate conditions in Ukraine, sources of biofuels can be placed in the following order: maize, triticale, wheat, different types of sorghum and millet, sugar beet, sunflower, rapeseed, agricultural and forest waste, miscanthus, poplar, sunflower husk and stalk. Of course, the leader of energy storage per hectare in the Ukrainian conditions is potato, but the problems of storing it until it is processed are not fully solved yet. In Ukraine it is not expedient to use agricultural waste as a feedstock for biofuel so far, because there is a growing deficit of organic matter in soils, and it is better to leave straw, maize stalks, maize and soya tops afield (except sunflower haulm). But in some cases with an excessive presence of waste, it can be processed into biofuels and chemicals.
In addition, until 2007, scientists of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU) already had a portfolio for the improvement and expansion of the raw materials base, the advancement of conventional technologies and the development of their own biofuels based on regional and technological particularities and the creation and enhancement of additives to commercial fuels. Meanwhile, the existing biofuel production in Ukraine is based on outdated and relatively expensive technologies that provide neither adequate costs, nor quantity [13,18].
Taking into account the necessity of Ukraine to achieve energy self-sufficiency including a significant expansion of alternative fuel application, scientists from the Chemical and Biological sciences Section of the NASU prepared the Concept of the target comprehensive program for scientific research "Biomass as a fuel material" ("Biofuels") -as provided by the Law of Ukraine "About alternative types of liquid and gas fuels" under the date of 14 January, 2000, № 1391-XIV  and in the execution of cl. 4.2 of the NASU Presidium Resolution dated to 12 July, 2006, № 213 (v0213550-06).
According to the Resolution of the NASU Presidium dated 28 February, 2007, № 56, the NASU target comprehensive program for scientific research "Biomass as a fuel material" ("Biofuels") was approved [19]. This concept indicates that up to 2007, NASU scientists had already performed the groundwork on the improvement and expansion of the raw materials base, advancement of traditional technologies and development of their own technologies on biofuel production based on regional and technological features, the creation and enhancement of additives to the commodity fuels, etc. However, current biofuel production in Ukraine is based on outdated and comparatively expensive technologies that provide neither realistic costs, nor quantity. Thus, the main purpose of the target comprehensive programme for scientific research "Biomass as a fuel material" ("Biofuels") is to define the priorities in addressing the significant increase in various biofuel production efficiency by expanding the resource base, applying new non-traditional crops and improving the traditional ones by means of breeding and using genomics and biotechnology advances, creating and improving the technologies of biofuels and protein concentrate generation from different cultures and remnants of agricultural and forestry products.
The primary strategic priorities of the programme were: (1) identification of the most promising biofuel sources in Ukraine including non-traditional ones (poplar, willow, miscanthus and other new species); (2) development of production technologies and the main application areas of alternative bioenergy crops as a highly renewable source of energy. Providing consistently high yields of absolutely dry mass (10-20 tonnes per ha which is suitable for the generation of solid biofuels) and technical oil of high quality (900-1100 kg per ha as a source for biodiesel); (3) application of biotechnology and plant genetic engineering to increase production of biofuel raw materials from an area unit with minimal energy consumption and high content of nutrients, and also creation of plant-producers of oils; (4) improvement of technologies for biofuels (biodiesel and bioethanol) and protein concentrates generation out of vegetable feedstock with searching and genetic design of appropriate microbial strains; (5) development of methods for obtaining carbohydrates from dry waste biomass and searching for methods of ethylene generation from biomass (chemical and enzymatic processes); (6) biofeedstock application technologies for biofuel generation together with the creation of technologies for obtaining related organic chemicals (polilaktat, lactic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, glutamic acid, furfurol and furfurol-based products); (7) looking for ways to use the waste and by-products of biofuel production [19].
The NASU target comprehensive programme for scientific research "Biological resources and the newest bioconversion technologies" for 2013-2017 became a continuance of the research programme on Ukrainian biofuel generation. The concept of the programme was approved by the NASU Presidium instruction dated 20 March, 2013, № 189 [28;29]. The most crucial results of the programme during 2013-2015 are included in Table. A.2 of Appendix A [25][26][27].
The mentioned comprehensive programme in case of its implementation will have the following results: § Involvement of prospective biological resources, development and implementation of the newest bioconversion technologies for liquid biofuel production and expansion of their application; § initiation of application of the most effective sources of raw materials including unconventional and alternative sources for biofuel production; § generation of high-quality feedstock from energy-valuable plants including improvement of productivity indicators and alcohol and oil outcome; § enhancement of quality and quantity content of energy-valuable substances (starch, sugar, oil, etc.) in biofeedstock for liquid biofuel production; § creating new strains of microorganisms, fungi and algae, as well as expansion of their genetic resource base for the purpose of generation of liquid biofuels; § improvement and development of the latest chemical technologies and application of new approaches to bioenergy conversion; § development of the technologies of fatty acid chemical transformation into oils to produce biodiesel; § improvement of existing and the development of alternative technologies for the generation of the fuel components necessary for biofuel production; § utilization of agricultural, forestry, food processing and household waste as raw materials for biofuels; § practical use of biofuel production by-products and waste; § comparative analysis of different sources of bioenergy feedstock by taking into account their cost, environmental safety, and the possibility of obtaining additional useful products.
The reform and modernization of the energy sector in Ukraine is a challenge of the highest priority for both economic and geopolitical reasons. In the Agreement on the Association of Ukraine with the EU, two separate sections are devoted to energy issues: one section deals with trade issues, and the other concerns enhanced partnership in the field of energy policy. In both,, reference is made to the Treaty establishing the Energy Community, which Ukraine joined as a full member in 2011 after the accession of Moldova in 2010. This Agreement provides for cooperation general terms, in essence, on the whole range of energy policy issues, including policy-making strategies, crisis management mechanisms, modernization of infrastructure, energy security, energy efficiency and energy conservation, as well as support for the development of renewable energy sources. Annex XXVII of the Agreement lists a large number of legislative acts of the EU and timetables for their "gradual adoption" by Ukraine. They cover the main provisions of the Treaty establishing the Energy Community, the deferral of which is not allowed. For other laws, the implementation period varies from two to eight years [37].
The Draft Energy Strategy of Ukraine, that was developed within the framework of the implementation of the Association Agreement, explains the energy intensity of the country's economy by a significant proportion of energy-intensive industries within the structure of GDP, the low energy efficiency of energy-transport sectors (for example, thermal energy generation, transportation and distribution of energy) and high energy consumption by households for heating and hot water. The average annual energy consumption in the residential sector is 250-270 kWh / m2, which is almost twice as high as in European countries with similar climatic conditions. According to the Energy Strategy, and in order to reduce energy intensity by 20%, Ukraine will reduce overall primary energy supply by 10% by 2020 (assuming GDP growth will resume from 2017). This should preferably be achieved by reducing gas consumption by 22%. By 2035, the share of renewable energy of the total primary energy supply is expected to reach 20% due to the replacement of coal and natural gas with biomass and bioenergy. It is anticipated that the energy intensity of GDP will fall to the level of 0.12 kg of conventional fuel for every $ 1 of GDP.
In the years 2014-15, radical measures were taken in Ukraine to reform the energy sector, a factor which was a combination of the conditions established by the IMF with regard to providing macroeconomic financial assistance and legal obligations under the EU agreement and the Treaty establishing the Energy Community. As for renewable energy, Ukraine has a comprehensive framework for promoting renewable energy, but they are not yet fully aligned with the obligations under the Treaty. The government has abolished the discriminatory "local component", corrected the legal definition of "biomass" and introduced a number of incentives for the development of alternative heat supply and bioenergy in the country. At the same time, the regulator has reduced the "green" tariff, which led to the emergence of a certain number of lawsuits regarding the claims of investors.

The main research into the development of biotechnology in Ukraine for the solution of medicalbiological and medical-ecological problems
Studies aimed at solving medical and biological problems, as well as problems of interaction between the environment and human health were studied long ago and were presented by several comprehensive research programs at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. For example, within the last 10 years since 2001, a complex scientific research programmer at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine "The latest medical and biological problems and the environment of a person" has been carried out and its implementation was completed in 2010 [30][31][32]. The aims of the implementation of the programmer were: (1) development of the latest medical, biological and bioengineering technologies for human health and the national economy; (2) biologically active substances for human health; (3) human environmental problems. The most significant results of the implementation of scientific projects within the framework of this program for resolving global problems in 2007-2009 are given in  The Section of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement on Environmental Protection is extremely ambitious and obliges Ukraine to cooperate on a wide range of issues related to state environmental policy. Ukraine has agreed to gradually synchronise its legislation to EU legislation in the two to ten years period, in accordance with Annex XXIX of the Agreement, which lists the 35 EU directives. They represent the bulk of EU nature conservation legislation and policies, including environmental management practices, air and water quality, waste management, industrial pollution and hazard, nature protection, the use of GMOs (genetically modified organisms) in agriculture and climate change.
In 2015, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved 21 Plans for the implementation of 26 environmental directives and regulations of the EU, which define the measures for ministries and departments for timely implementation of EU environmental legislation. These plans are essential for ensuring transparency and effective monitoring of civil society and business representatives' implementation. Thus, administrative planning has advanced fairly, which is the first step of a long process [37].
The Directive on Environmental Impact Assessment Over the past few years, several bills have been registered in Parliament with a view to implementing this directive, but none of them has been agreed for several reasons, mainly because of the resistance of business lobbyists and civil servants who are interested in maintaining the status quo.
The Directive on industrial emissions. Despite the fact that the national legislation of Ukraine partly complies with the requirements of this Directive (2010/75 / EC), much work has to be done to develop the required bylaws and regulations, which are partly covered by technical assistance projects. According to the implementation plan, which was approved by

Conclusions
The authors found that implementation of biotechnology in Ukraine results from the urgent need to solve the energy problems and the related medical, biological and environmental problems. The intensive development of biotechnological research is due to the need to increase the competitiveness of domestic commodity producers in the external and internal markets under conditions of deep integration of Ukraine with European countries and implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU.
The authors also found that during the implementation of the integrated programmes "Biomass as a fuel material" ("Biofuels") and "Biological resources and the newest bioconversion technologies" in 2007-2015, scientific institutions of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in order to expand the use of alternative fuels by the use of biofuel continued to work on the involvement of prospective bio-resources, the development and implementation of the latest bioconversion technologies for the production of liquid biofuels and the expansion of their use, improvement and development of the latest chemical technologies for the production of biodiesel, utilization of agricultural, forestry, food processing and household waste as raw materials for bio-fuels.
As for renewable energy, Ukraine has a comprehensive framework for promoting renewable energy, but they are not yet fully aligned with the obligations under the Treaty. The government has abolished the discriminatory "local component", corrected the legal definition of "biomass" and introduced a number of incentives for the development of an alternative heat supply and bioenergy in the country. At the same time, the regulator reduced the "green" tariff, which led to the emergence of a certain number of lawsuits on the claims of investors.
on sustainable development, the rational use of nature and environmental preservation" in 2001-2014, the latest medical, biological and bioengineering technologies for human health and the national economy, biologically active substances for human health, ecological and economic mechanisms of rational use, protection and monitoring of natural resources and new energy-efficient technologies for energy resources were developed.
It was established that during the years 2008-2015 in Ukraine, within the framework of the interdisciplinary programmes of the NASU "Fundamental Foundations of Molecular and Cell Biotechnology" and "Molecular and Cell Biotechnology for the needs of Medicine, Industry and Agriculture", the main research was focused on the development of modern methods of human and animal disease prevention and diagnoses, modern methods of cellular biotechnology and metabolic engineering for the creation of the superproducts of biologically active substances, new plant forms and microorganisms, genetic design of improved microorganism strains and lines of plant and animal cells for the development of medical and agricultural biotechnologies. The indicated directions of research completely correspond to global trends into research in biomedicine.
In 2015, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved 21 Plans for the implementation of 26 environmental directives and regulations of the EU, which define measures for ministries and departments for timely implementation of the EU environmental legislation. Thus, administrative planning has advanced fairly, which is the first step of a long process. [3] OECD Factbook 2013: economic, environmental and social statistics, OECD, Paris, 2013, p.235.
[  Technical requirements and design documentation on a research plant to produce liquid biofuels and homogenizerheat-generator were developed; a laboratory-scale plant scheme for biogas outcome and content estimation with codigestion of various substrates was designed, basic elements of technology and equipment for biogas transport and fundamental construction of vortex burner for simultaneous and separate combustion of biogas and natural gas were developed; technological schemes of electric and thermal power production by gas reciprocating engines on the biogas basis were created Documentation on a research plant to produce liquid biofuels; elements of laboratory equipment for production, transportation and combustion of biogas; schemes of electric and thermal power production on the biogas basis Prototrophic meiotic segregants with higher thermotolerance were generated; they produce 15-20% of ethanol more than output strains and industrial yeasts do The "cytokininoxidase" gen of korakan was identified, it is responsible for higher biomass growth; mutant maize hybrids on the waxy gen basis with changed starch content in seeds for bioethanol production were generated  The construction documentation for scientific and technical work "Status of biofuel mixture preparation" with productivity of 1000 kg/hour was created. Construction documentation for a new disk-cylindrical disperserhomogeniser was developed, it is the main working node of the developed plant.The opportunity for launching the scientific and technical work into serial production was provided Status of biofuel mixture cooking was implemented at "Il-Prom" Ltd. and PJSC Research and Production Enterprise "Bolshevik" The first Ukrainian plant for fast pyrolysis of biomass was constructed and pyro-fuel (bio-oil) samples were generated.

Recommendations for the engineering of an ablative
Plant for fast pyrolysis of biomass was constructed at the state enterprise

Sector of the programme
The most significant result Practical utility biomass pyrolysis pilot facility were developed "GreenEnegro" Formulation of the biofuel E 85 was optimized, its research part was made, and its motor tests were conducted. It was defined that within engine operation on the basis of Е 85, fuel toxicity of used gases significantly comes down in comparison to gasoline. Also it was found that engine efficiency at all the operating modes working on bioethanol motor fuel E 85 is higher than on gasoline New biofuel E 85 that reduces the toxicity of used gases and increases engine efficiency at all the operating modes Composed by: [20][21][22][23][24]. Research on the process of explosive autohydrolysis of vegetable biomass The influence of benzoethanol content on the operational characteristics of a transport engine was discovered. The method of adaptation of an engine to benzoethanol was developed The most effective engine operation on the base of different mixtures It was found with the help of bed tests of ethyl esters of maize oil acids that mixtures of fuels (20-60% volume esters) overcome petroleum-derived diesel fuel in terms of exhaust gas content (content of СО, СО2, NOX, CH, smokiness) and сombustion efficiency New mixtures of fuel on the basis of maize oil Technical basis for the latest bioenergyconversion technologies A pilot facility was modernized and a series of tests on the research of fast pyrolysis of sawdust were carried out. The process of pyro-fuel generation from sawdust by ablative pyrolysis in a reactor with a cone-shaped screw was worked out Process of pyro-fuel generation from sawdust A stand for research on biogas and natural gas burning was developed and constructed, the influence of conditions of biogas and natural gas ray mutual bracing was defined. Elements of swirl and hearth burners of simultaneous biogas and natural gas burning for typical boilers were developed Burners of simultaneous biogas and natural gas burning 2015 Biological resources and technological basis for their primary processing New varieties with high oil content and hybrids with improved draught, cold and frost resistance, and high crop yield of above-ground mass were created for enhancement of the outcome indicators of biodiesel oil feedstock. Cluster analysis of SSR-locuses of Camelina was conducted, methodical approaches to application of them as moleculargenetic markers for further selection were developed New varieties with high oil content and hybrids with improved properties Continued Optimum temperature and pressure for explosive autohydrolysis of vegetable biomass (maize cobs, switch grass, drooping birch bark, low-and highland peat) were selected in vitro Optimum temperature and pressure conditions for explosive autohydrolysis of vegetable biomass Technologies of the production of composition granulated peat fuel were developed, allowing an increase in calorific capacity of granulas to 25%, density -to 22%, and a decrease of energy consumption of granulation. Modes of heat processing and composition content of peat and biomass mixture were developed for peat fuel generation with a calorific value of 4800-5000 kcal/kg. A process of pyro-fuel generation out of sawdust by ablative pyrolysis in a reactor wih a cone-shaped screw was worked out Technologies of production of composition granulated peat fuel of higher calorific capacity and density Technical basis for the latest bioenergyconversion technologies An automated machine for current definition of benzoethanol content was constructed, allowing an increase in the efficiency of biofuel application in automobile transport, broadening a range of bio-oil mixtures for motor power and reducing the rate of polluting emissions through used gases Increasing efficiency of biofuel application in automobile transport and a decrease in the rate polluting emissions Technical projects on installing two hearth burners to the boiler of Bortnitska aeration station were developed, a working project of the existing burners' reconstruction was implemented

Installation of new burners and reconstruction of existing ones
Composed by: [25][26][27].  The technology of synthesis of semi-products for separate derivatives of in-dolohinoxaline and naphthalamide has been developed to study them as inducers of interferon and antiviral agents.

Inductors for interferon and antiviral agents -«--«-
The pre-clinical study of the medication "Metovitan" was completed, the technology of production was transferred to the chemical and pharmaceutical company CJSC "Technolog"   An effective wheat supply system was developed and introduced into production A power system which provides a grain production increase of 10-15% -«--«-Composed by: [23][24][25][26].